Title: Database for the geologic map of the summit region of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Data Series
Issue_Identification: 293
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/293/
Larger_Work_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Christina A. Neal
Originator: John P. Lockwood
Publication_Date: 2003
Title: Geologic Map of the Summit Region of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: printed map
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Geologic Investigations Series Map
Issue_Identification: I-2759
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Menlo Park
Publisher: United States Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2759/
Description:
Abstract: This digital publication (DS 293) contains all the geologic map information used to publish U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Map Series I-2759 (Neal and Lockwood, 2003). This is a geologic map of the summit region of Kilauea Volcano, including portions of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, on the Island of Hawaii and shows the distribution of volcanic deposits from Kilauea Volcano, one of the world's most active volcanoes. All units on this map derived from Kilauea Volcano are part of the Puna Basalt, which includes all historic and prehistoric flows and tephras that overlie the main Pahala Ash. Within the map area, all flows derived from Mauna Loa Volcano are part of the Kau Basalt, which includes all historic lava flows and tephras as well as prehistoric lava flows and tephras that overlie the main Pahala Ash.
Purpose: This database was constructed in order to produce a geologic map as a basis for understanding processes and volcano hazards involved in the eruptions of Kilauea Volcano. Part of the adjacent, southeast flank of Mauna Loa Volcano is included in the mapping area.
Supplemental_Information: All the geologic map information used to publish U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2759 is contained in this digital publication. This map shows the distribution and relations of volcanic units in an area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. This metadata document contains information for the entire set of ArcInfo coverages included in this database. Where relevant information for individual coverages differs from that of the others, each coverage is documented separately in sequence in that metadata section.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 1978
Ending_Date: 2001
Currentness_Reference: The information in this report is the most up-to-date available at the time of publication.
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: 169900.593750
East_Bounding_Coordinate: 183048.875000
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 69203.781250
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 55350.320313
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
Theme_Keyword: volcanoes
Theme_Keyword: geologic map
Theme_Keyword: lava flows
Theme_Keyword: basalt
Theme_Keyword: geology
Theme_Keyword: crater
Theme_Keyword: shield volcano
Theme_Keyword: effusive eruptions
Theme_Keyword: chemistry
Theme_Keyword: age
Theme_Keyword: faults
Theme_Keyword: vent
Theme_Keyword: ash
Theme_Keyword: tephra
Theme_Keyword: radiocarbon
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
Place_Keyword: Kilauea Volcano
Place_Keyword: Hawaii
Place_Keyword: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Place_Keyword: Summit Region
Place_Keyword: Island of Hawaii
Place_Keyword: United States of America
Place_Keyword: Kilauea Crater
Stratum:
Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
Stratum_Keyword: Puna Kau
Temporal:
Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
Temporal_Keyword: Quaternary
Temporal_Keyword: Holocene
Temporal_Keyword: Recent
Access_Constraints: none
Use_Constraints: Uses of this digital geologic map should not violate the spatial resolution of the data. Although the digital form of the data removes the constraint imposed by the scale of a paper map, the detail and accuracy inherent in map scale are also present in the digital data. The fact that this database was edited for a scale of 1:24,000 means that higher resolution information is not present in the dataset. Plotting at scales larger than 1:24,000 will not yield greater real detail, although it may reveal fine-scale irregularities below the intended resolution of the database. Similarly, where this database is used in combination with other data of higher resolution, the resolution of the combined output will be limited by the lower resolution of these data. Acknowlegdement of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from these data.
Data_Set_Credit: The database was compiled mainly in 1996-2001 from original geologic mapping by Christina A. Neal and John P. Lockwood (Neal and Lockwood, 2003). Dillon R. Dutton, David W. Ramsey, Peggy E. Bruggman, Tracey J. Felger, Ellen Lougee, Sandy Margriter, Patrick Showalter and John P. Lockwood provided the GIS-expertise to bring the database and metadata to completion.
Attribute_Accuracy_Report: See Entity_Attribute_Information
Logical_Consistency_Report: Polygon and arc (chain-node) topology present in appropriate ArcInfo coverages. Other coverages are point, annotation or raster and do not require topologic relationships.
Completeness_Report: The report is intended to describe completely the igneous and volcanic products, volcanic vent locations, and structural features of the summit region of Kilauea Volcano at 1:24,000 scale. Geological information appropriately mapped at larger scales has been omitted.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Well located data items are intended to have a horizontal poitional accuracy better than 0.5 mm at 24,000 scale, or within 12 meters on the ground. The general positional accuracy of each line in the database is indicated qualitatively within the LTYPE field in the Arc Attribute Table (see Attribute_Domain_Values). Points in the database are generally well located. The position of each data item is derived from a USGS 1:24,000 topographic base map, and therefore additonal inaccuracies may also be encountered that are within National Map Accuracy Standards.
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No vertical positional data recorded
Lineage:
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: J.M. Buchanan-Banks
Publication_Date: 1987
Title: Structural damage and ground failures from the November 16, 1983, Kaoiki earthquake, Island of Hawaii
Series_Information:
Publication_Information:
Other_Citation_Details: in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.W., eds., Volcanism in Hawaii, v. 2: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, p. 1187-1220.
Other_Citation_Details: in Gonzales-Ferran, O., ed., Symposium on Andean and Antarctic Volcanic Problems, Santiago, Chile, September 9-14, 1974, Prodeedings: International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior Special Series, p. 646-656.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Peterson and others, 1976
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: D.A. Swanson, W.A. Duffield, D.B. Jackson, and D.W. Peterson
Publication_Date: 1979
Title: Chronological narrative of the 1969-1971 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Series_Information:
Publication_Information:
Other_Citation_Details: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1056, 55 p.
Type_of_Source_Media: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Swanson and others, 1979
Title: The 1972-1974 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilauea Volcano: An example of quasi-steady-state magma transfer
Other_Citation_Details: in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.W., eds., Volcanism in Hawaii, v. 1: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, p. 405-469.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Tilling and others, 1987
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: W.A. Duffield, R.L. Christiansen, R.Y. Koyanagi, and D.W. Peterson
Publication_Date: 1982
Title: Storage, migration, and eruption of magma at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, 1971-1972
Other_Citation_Details: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 13, p. 273-307.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Duffield and others, 1982
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: D.B. Jackson, D.A. Swanson, R.Y. Koyanagi, and T.L. Wright
Publication_Date: 1975
Title: The August and October 1968 east rift eruptions of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Series_Information:
Publication_Information:
Other_Citation_Details: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 890, 33 p.
Type_of_Source_Media: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Jackson and others, 1975
Title: Chronological narrative of the 1959-60 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Other_Citation_Details: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 537-E, 73 p.
Type_of_Source_Media: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Richter and others, 1970
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: G.A. Macdonald and J.P. Eaton
Publication_Date: 1957
Title: Hawaiian volcanoes during 1954
Other_Citation_Details: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1061-B, p. 17-72.
Type_of_Source_Media: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Macdonald and Eaton, 1957
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Publication_Date: 1919
Title: U.S. Department of Agriculture (Volcanic Events)
Other_Citation_Details: Monthly Bulletin of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, v. 7, nos. 2-4, p. 13-56.
Type_of_Source_Media: Monthly Bulletin of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1919
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Publication_Date: 1921
Title: U.S. Department of Agriculture (Volcanic Events)
Other_Citation_Details: Monthly Bulletin of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, v. 9, no. 3, p. 33-50.
Type_of_Source_Media: Monthly Bulletin of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1921
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: W.T. Brigham
Publication_Date: 1909
Title: The volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa
Other_Citation_Details: Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Memoir 2, no. 4, 222 p.
Type_of_Source_Media: Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Memoir
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Brigham, 1909
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: J.D. Dana
Publication_Date: 1890
Title: Characteristics of volcanoes
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: London
Publisher: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, Ltd.
Other_Citation_Details: 199 p.
Type_of_Source_Media: Book
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Dana, 1890
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: C.H. Hitchcock
Publication_Date: 1909
Title: Hawaii and its volcanoes
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Honolulu
Publisher: The Hawaiian Gazette Company, Ltd.
Other_Citation_Details: 314 p. (Second addition with supplement, 1911.)
Type_of_Source_Media: Book
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Hitchcock, 1909
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: D.W. Peterson
Publication_Date: 1967
Title: Geologic map of the Kilauea Crater Quadrangle, Hawaii
Other_Citation_Details: U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle Map GQ-667, scale 1:24,000.
Source_Scale_Denominator: 1:24,000
Type_of_Source_Media: U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle Map
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Peterson, 1967
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Visitors to the Volcano House
Publication_Date: 1865-1955
Title: Volcano House Register
Other_Citation_Details: Records of accounts by visitors to the Volcano House, Hawaii National Park, Hawaii from 1865-1955, v. 2,3,5.
Type_of_Source_Media: Records of accounts by visitors
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Volcano House Register, 1873-1885, 1885-1891, 1891-1898
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: H.A. Powers
Publication_Date: 1948
Title: A chronology of the explosive eruptions at Kilauea
Other_Citation_Details: Pacific Science, v. 2, no. 4, p. 278-992.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Powers, 1948
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: R.W. Decker and R.L. Christiansen
Publication_Date: 1984
Title: Explosive eruptions of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Washington, D.C.
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Other_Citation_Details: in Explosive volcanism: Inception, evolution, and hazards: p. 122-132.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Decker and Christiansen, 1984
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Jocelyn McPhie, G.P.L. Walker, and R.L. Christiansen
Publication_Date: 1990
Title: Phreatomagmatic and phreatic fall and surge deposits from explosions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, 1790 A.D.: Keanakakoi Ash Member
Other_Citation_Details: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 52, p. 334-354.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: McPhie and others, 1990
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: K.J. Murata and D.H. Richter
Publication_Date: 1961
Title: Magmatic differentiation in the Uwekahuna laccolith, Kilauea caldera, Hawaii
Other_Citation_Details: Journal of Petrology, v. 2, no. 3, p. 424-437.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Murata and Richter, 1961
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: T.J. Casadevall and Daniel Dzurisin
Publication_Date: 1987
Title: Intrusive rocks of Kilauea caldera
Other_Citation_Details: in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.W., eds., Volcanism in Hawaii, v. 1: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, p. 377-394.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Casadevall and Dzurisin, 1987a
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: T.J. Casadevall and Daniel Dzurisin
Publication_Date: 1987
Title: Stratigraphy and petrology of the Uwekahuna Bluff section, Kilauea caldera
Other_Citation_Details: in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.W., eds., Volcanism in Hawaii, v. 1: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, p. 351-375.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Casadevall and Dzurisin, 1987b
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: R.R. Doell and Allan Cox
Publication_Date: 1965
Title: Paleomagnetism of Hawaiian lava flows
Other_Citation_Details: Journal of Geophysical Research, no. 14, v. 70, p. 3377-3405.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Doell and Cox, 1965
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: J.T. Hagstrum and D.E. Champion
Publication_Date: 1995
Title: Late Quaternary geomagnetic secular variation from historical and C14-dated lava flows on Hawaii
Other_Citation_Details: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, no. B12, p. 24393-24403.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Hagstrum and Champion, 1995
Title: Geochemical evidence for invasion of Kilauea's plumbing system by Mauna Loa magma
Other_Citation_Details: Nature, v. 337, p. 257-260.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Rhodes and others, 1989
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Daniel Dzurisin, J.P. Lockwood, T.J. Casadevall, and Rubin Meyer
Publication_Date: 1995
Title: The Uwekahuna Ash Member of the Puna Basalt: Product of violent phreatomagmatic eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, between 2,800 and 2,100 14C years ago
Other_Citation_Details: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 66, p. 163-184.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Dzurisin and others, 1995
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: E.W. Wolfe and Jean Morris
Publication_Date: 1996
Title: Geologic Map of the Island of Hawaii
Other_Citation_Details: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Investigations Map I-2524, 3 sheets, scale 1:100,000.
Source_Scale_Denominator: 1:100,000
Type_of_Source_Media: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Investigations Map
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Wolfe and Morris, 1996
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: G.W. Walker
Publication_Date: 1969
Title: Geologic Map of the Kau Desert Quadrangle, Hawaii
Other_Citation_Details: U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle Map GQ-827, scale 1:24,000.
Source_Scale_Denominator: 1:24,000
Type_of_Source_Media: U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle Map
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Walker, 1969
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: R.T. Holcomb
Publication_Date: 1981
Title: Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Chronology and morphology of the surficial lava flows
Other_Citation_Details: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-354, 321 p.
Type_of_Source_Media: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Holcomb, 1981
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: T.L. Wright
Publication_Date: 1971
Title: Chemistry of Kilauea and Mauna Loa in space and time
Other_Citation_Details: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 735, 40 p.
Type_of_Source_Media: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Wright, 1971
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: R.T. Holcomb
Publication_Date: 1980
Title: Preliminary geologic map of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Other_Citation_Details: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-796, 2 sheets, 1:50,000.
Source_Scale_Denominator: 1:50,000
Type_of_Source_Media: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Holcomb, 1980
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: R.M. Easton
Publication_Date: 1987
Title: Stratigraphy of Kilauea Volcano
Other_Citation_Details: in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.W., eds., Volcanism in Hawaii, v. 1: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, p. 243-260.
Type_of_Source_Media: Journal article
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Easton, 1987
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Geologic linework was compiled on USGS 1:24,000 topographic maps by Neal and Lockwood. The linework was then scanned at 400 dpi, georeferenced, converted to vector data using the ArcInfo command GRIDLINE , and edited on-screen to repair errors visible at map scale by Dillon R. Dutton, Peggy E. Bruggman, Tracey J. Felger, Ellen Lougee, Sandy Margriter, Patrick Showalter, John P. Lockwood and David W. Ramsey. Polygon topology was created and each arc and polygon tagged on-screen. Plotfiles were created in ArcPlot by Dillon R. Dutton. Individual quadrangles were then plotted with topography and checked by Neal and Lockwood. Metadata were created by David W. Ramsey.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Basalt of Uwekahuna laccolith
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: authors; Murata and Richter, 1961; Casadevall and Dzurisin, 1987a
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: kpu
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Prehistoric lava flows and tephra deposits, undivided
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: authors; Doell and Cox, 1965; Holcomb and others, 1986; Holcomb, 1987; Casadevall and Dzurisin, 1987a; Hagstrum and Champion, 1995; Casadevall and Dzurisin, 1987b; Rhodes and others, 1989; Dzurisin and others, 1995
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: k4yu
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Lava flows and spatter deposits of the Upper East Rift Zone
Unrepresentable_Domain: Positive real numbers that are automatically generated.
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: PTTYPE
Attribute_Definition: point labels
Attribute_Definition_Source: authors
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: dike
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: dike in walls of Kilauea and Kilauea Iki Craters of variable or unknown orientation; size exaggerated for scale
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: authors; Casadevall and Dzurisin, 1987a
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Lines (arcs) are recorded as strings sets of sequential of vectors and are described in an arc attribute table ("filename".AAT). The lines define the boundaries of the map units and other delineated areas polygons as well as linear features such as but not limited to, faults, fissures, and crater rims. These distinctions, including geologic characterizations of linear features, are recorded as attributes in the LTYPE field in the AAT. Map units (polygons) are described in a polygon attribute table ("filename".PAT). The identities of the map units from compilation sources are recorded in the PTYPE field of the PAT by unit symbol. Note that ArcInfo coverages cannot contain both polygon and point information, so only coverages with polygon information will have a polygon attribute table, and these coverages will not have a point attribute table. Files containing point features are described in a point attribute table ("filename".PAT). Examples of point features include dikes and radiocarbon sample locations. Almost all of the attributes in the various attribute tables included in the report are set or calculated by ArcInfo and include "filename"#, "filename"-ID, LENGTH, FNODE, TNODE, RPOLY, LPOLY, AREA, and PERIMETER. The rest are defined by the author as described above and include LTYPE, PTYPE, PTTYPE, OP, SAMPNO, AGE, and ERROR.
Resource_Description: These files are integral to the U.S. Geological Survey I-2759
Distribution_Liability: This database, identified as DS 293, has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the USGS. Although this database has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, it is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: ARCG
Format_Version_Number: ArcInfo version 7.2.1 (UNIX)
Transfer_Size: 22.214
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Offline_Option:
Offline_Media: CD-ROM
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20060830
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Person: David W. Ramsey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address: 1300 SE Cardinal Ct
Address: Building 10, Suite 100
City: Vancouver
State_or_Province: WA
Postal_Code: 98683
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (360)993-8978
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (360)993-8980
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dramsey@usgs.gov
Contact_Instructions: prefered contact by e-mail
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata